Pattern of self medication among medical students of a private institute in Davangere: A cross-sectional study

Self-medication is a common and regular practice of using medicines without any medical supervision by the people themselves for self-treatment considering it a part of self-care. Self-medication has both positive as well as a negative aspect which may lead to serious chronic ailments, cause resistance to pathogens, delays the symptoms, complicate the cause of the underlying disease and delaying the diagnosis. To assess the prevalence of self-medication among the students in a medical institute in Davangere. 2. To determine the factors associated with self medication among these medical students in Davanagere. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 medical students of SSIMS& RC Davanagere. Data was collected using pre-designed, semi structured questionnaire. The data was entered in MS Excel. Analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Prevalence of self medications among medical students was found to be 41%. Antipyretics were widely used as a drug for self medication. This study reinforces the importance of creating awareness and educating the students regarding the advantages and disadvantages of self medications.


Introduction
Self-medication is a common and regular practice of using medicines without any medical supervision by the people themselves for self-treatment considering it a part of self-care. On the other hand, if it is adopted appropriately, it can help relieve acute pain, save time, money and even rehabilitate a person in acute condition. (1) The youth is more addicted to self-medication under the influence of advertisements and exposure to inappropriate, unclear and incomplete knowledge of the medicines. (2) Easy availability of the medicines over the counter enhances self-medication. Medicines that are most commonly utilized for self-medication include analgesics, anti-malarial, antibiotics and cough syrups, etc. (3) Previous studies suggest that self-medication has both positive and negative aspects for https://ijpccr.com/ example inappropriate intake of medicines can bring about dreadful drug reactions, may lead to serious chronic ailments, cause resistance to pathogens etc. It also either covers or delays the symptoms, complicates the cause of the underlying disease delaying the diagnosis. (4) There are several complications that are associated with self-medication such as allergy, drug dependency, renal dysfunction, resistance against toxins and microbes etc. Medical students practice self-medication probably trying to implement their knowledge into practice for betterment. (5) This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of self medications and factors associated with them among medical students in a private institution in Davanagere.

Objectives
1. To assess the prevalence of self medication among the students in a private medical institute in Davangere. 2. To determine the factors associated with self medication among these medical students in Davanagere.

Methodology
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 medical students of S.S. Institute of medical sciences and research centre, Davanagere from December 2018 to January 2019. All medical students from 1 st year M.B.B.S to final year M.B.B.S along with interns were included in the study (60 students in each year). Students who were not willing to participate in the study and those who were absent on the day of data collection were excluded from the study. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board. Informed consent was obtained from each respondent prior to the interview. Students were randomly selected based on their roll numbers and approached individually in dormitories or cafeterias. Pre-designed, semi structured self administered questionnaire were distributed to obtain information on self medication. The questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics of the students, symptoms sought for self medications, drugs used for self medication, sources for drug availability, reasons for self medications, source of drug dosage information, reasons for stopping self medication and attitude towards self medications. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysis was done using SPSS Vs 20, presented in the form of frequencies and percentages. Chi square test was applied to find out the association between self medications practices and factors associated with it.

Results
In this study, 123 (41%) medical students practiced self medication, the majority of the participants were not using medicines for non medical use (96.6%) and a majority of the students did not have chronic medical conditions (94.7%). The prevalence and pattern of self medication are explained in the given Table 1. Majority of the medical students practice self medication because of similar past experiences (37.3%), the source of drug dosage for self medications was a past experience (59.3%), majority of the students had stopped self medications after symptoms disappeared (65.5%), majority of the students were aware of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of medicines used for self medication (83.7%), majority of the students were aware of adverse reactions (82.9%) and majority of the students did not have any adverse reactions by practicing self medications (87.9%). Knows and why's and how's of self medication are explained in Table 2.
Majority of the students were of the age group 21-23 years (54%), males and females were equal in number (50%), an equal proportion of students were selected from each class. Majority of the students were the resident of urban areas. Majority of the students sleep for > 6 hours, studies for < 6 hours, and involving in sports activity for < 1 Hour. Majority of the students were non-smokers and nonalcoholics. The association between self medications and its associated factors are explained in Table 3.
In this study, majority of the medical students considered self medication as acceptable when they have same symptoms as of previous illness. The attitude towards self medications among medical students is explained in Table 4. https://ijpccr.com/ https://ijpccr.com/

Discussion
This study was conducted among medical students of SSIMS & RC, Davanagere to assess the prevalence and pattern of self medication. The prevalence of self medications among medical students was found to be 41%. This is similar to a study done by Baneerji I et al. (6) which showed that the prevalence of self medications was 57.%. A study done by Badiger S et al. (7) showed that the prevalence of self medication was 92% which was much higher than the present study. A study done by Mehta RK et al. (8) showed that the prevalence of self medication among medical students was 78.6%. In the present study, the majority of the study participants were between the age group of 21-23 years, and equal number of males and females were included. In the present study both males and female students were equal in number. Banerjee I et al. (6) showed more males and Badiger S et al. (7) study had more females. In the present https://ijpccr.com/ study, majority of the medical students were the resident of urban area. This is similar to study done by Mehta RK et al. (8) In this study, majority of the students were studying < 6hours and sleep for > 6 hours and involving in sports activity for < 1 hour which was significantly associated with self medications. The majority of the students were non-smokers and non alcoholics which were significantly associated with self medications. In this study majority of the students practiced self medication because of their past experiences. A study done by Badiger S et al. (7) showed that the majority of the students practiced self medications because of minor ailments. A study done by Kumar N et al. (8) showed that the majority of the students practiced self medication because of illness too trivial for consultation. In this study, the main source of dosage of self medications were past experience. In this study majority of the medical students were aware of the adverse effect of self medication, which is similar to a study done by Badiger Set al. (7) In the present study majority of the students did not have any adverse reaction due to self medications which is similar to Badiger S et al. (7) study. In this study, the attitude towards self medication among medical students was acceptable when they have the same symptoms as of previous illness. In the present study, antipyretics were widely used as a drug for self medications which is similar to Mehta RK et al. study. (8)

Conclusion
The prevalence of self medication among medical students in SSIMS and RC was found to be 41%. This will help us to spread awareness regarding drug interactions, risk of self medications practices to minimize the practice. Restriction of the sale of drugs with potentially harmful effects should be implemented effectively with monitoring systems between the physicians and pharmacists. Health education is needed for pharmacists too to crosscheck with the prescribing physician while dispensing such drugs.