A Geographical Analysis of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors in Rural Development – A Case Study of Mysuru District

Rural development is a one of the most discussed topic in modern times. Rural areas have caught the attention of our planners and development of rural areas is the prime objective of the administrators. In 1952, the first attempt was made through the community development programme. Through various plans several iniatives are taken for the upliftment of rural areas. Here an attempt has been made to understand the development of certain Socio-Economic-Demographic factors in Mysuru District for the last four decades. Fourteen indicators have been taken for this study. Here an attempt has been made to understand the level of development in Socio-Economic and Demographic aspects in the district. Simple statistical tools and Kendall’s Ranking method has been adopted for analysis.


Introduction
Rural transformation is most widely debated topic in these years.According to 2011 census, nearly 69% of people are living in rural areas.This rural population has been distributed in more than 5 lakh villages.The overall development of a country is depending on development of its rural areas.After Independence several programs were launched to uplift the rural areas.Key sectors like Socio, Economic and Demographic factors are playing a significant role in the transformation of villages.In any region these factors are required to improve the living conditions of the people.The spatiofunctionally integrated services not only encourage balanced economic growth, but also influences on Social development of the region.The accessibility for these facilities leads to the overall growth of a region.It ensures the quality of life in these places.The agro-based rural economy is changing towards more diversified activities.Such development has hampered by poor socio-economic facilities.It is affected on demographic aspects also.Adequate and accessible rural infrastructure not only enriches the quality of life.The quantity, quality and the spatial organization of socio-economic services determines the living conditions of an area.Better infrastructure has positive impact on economic development.
The progress of rural infrastructure is prime aspect of rural development.The rural infrastructure has a multiplier effect.Hence the development of rural socio-economic infrastructure brings qualitative changes in the life of the people.
Here an attempt has been made by the scholars to understand selected factors of socio-economic and demographic aspects in the study region for about 40 years of period.Under social aspects factors like Medical Institutions (Hospitals), Number of beds and Number of beds for every 10000 population, Literacy rate and also Veterinary Hospitals have been taken for analysis.Whereas in Economic aspects Work participation rate, Net area sown, Land put to Non-agricultural use, Fallow land and Length of roads have been taken for study.Distribution of population which consists Male and Female, Rural and Urban population have taken as Demographic indicators used for this analysis.

Objectives
To know the level of development taken place in Socio-Economic field in Mysuru district.To understand the spatialtemporal changes taken place in Demographic indices in the study region.

Methodology
Secondary data has been collected for this study from District at a Glance, Gazetteers and others.Kendall's Ranking method has been adapted to find out the level of development in various taluks of the district.Simple statistical tools and thematic maps are used for analysis.An attempt has been made by the scholars to understand the quality and quantity of rural development in the study region.Here an analysis has been made for 40 years, to know the quantum of changes took place during this period.For study purpose, the scholars have selected Fourteen indicators in Socio-Economic and demography aspects.Kendal's Ranking method has been used to understand the level of development of the study region.

Study area
Karnataka state has 30 districts.Among these Mysuru is located in southern part of Karnataka State.It lies between 12 0 to 20 0 17 ' North latitudes and 75 0 and 19 ' to 77 0 and 17 ' East longitudes.It covers an area of 6320 km 2 and accounts for 3.29% of the state's total geographical area.It ranks 14 th place in the state in terms of area.As per 2011 census the district has 30,01,127 people.The district comprises seven taluks namely H.D.Kote, Hunsur, K.R. Nagar, Mysore, Nanjangud, Periyapatana and T.Narasipura.Among these, H.D.Kote taluk is the biggest (1618 km 2 ) and K.R.Nagara is the smallest (596 km 2 ) taluks in the district.Mysuru district is surrounded by Chamarajanagar district in the east and south, Mandya district in the north, Hassan in the north-west, Kodagu district and Kerala state in the west.Figure -1 shows the location of the study area.Health: It is most essential factor for human development.Health can be regarded as a state of mental, social and economic wellbeing and not the mere absence of disease (WHO 1948).A healthy, happy and well nourished citizenry is the prerequisite for a healthy nation.WHO, has defined Global Public Health Security as 'the activities required both pro active and reative, to minimize the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger peoples health across geographical regions and international boundaries' .Health of a person is depended on food, nutrition, economic, social facilities and other factors.The 2017 National Health Policy focuses on preventive and promotive health care and the Primary Health Care which is comprehensive and universal.It promotes patient centric, quality care, Intersectoral convergence, easy access, affordability with use of technology as its main features.
When we observe table-1, during 1975-76, there are 137 hospitals in the district (both government and private).It has been increased to 1757 during 2016-17, with a decadal growth of 295.62%.There was an increase of 1620 hospitals during this period.Mysuru taluk has registered 728.5% of decadal growth due to more urbanization processes.Nanjangud taluk has recorded 57.95% growth in the last 4 decades.
There was a tremendous change in number of hospitals and number of beds between 1975-76 to 2016-17.In 1975-76 there were 137 hospitals in the district and it was raised to 1757 in the next 40 years which accounts 1182.5%.In 1975-76, there were only 12 number of hospitals in the H.D.Kote taluk and raised to 58 in the next four decades.In T.Narasipura 141 hospitals were increased during this time.Highest number of hospitals was established in Mysuru taluk.It was raised from 43 in 1975-76 and increased to 1296 with raise of 2914% during this period.It is found that 1620 hospitals were enhanced during this period.Figure-2 shows these changes during this period.When we observe number of beds in hospitals, it was 3233 during 1975-17 and it increased to 8393 beds in the next four decades.There has been increase of 159.6% during this period.Highest increase has been found in H.D.Kote (1777.78%),T.N.Pura (914.81%),Nanjangud (852.39%),Hunsur (677.5%) and Periyapatana taluk (504.35%).
In the same time, the number of beds in hospitals was raised from 3233 to 8393.During these four decades 5160 beds were added in the district.In all the seven taluks, the numbers of beds in hospital were added substantially.Among all the taluks, H.D.Kote has registered nearly 200% increase of beds during this time.It had only 18 beds in 1975-76 and increased to 338 beds.In Mysuru taluk it has been enhanced from 2972 beds to 6478 beds during this period.T.Narasipura has also registered 10 times increase during this time.
When we study the number of beds for every 10000 population, it was 22 beds during 1975-76 and it increased to 28 in the next 4 decades, even though there is a significant increase of population in every taluk.In, H.D.Kote and T.N.Pura taluks, the number of beds increased from 1 to 13 and 9 for every 10000 population during this period.But in Mysuru taluk, the number of beds reduced from 60 to 51 due to significant increase of population from 493800 to 1281768 during this time.Figure 3 shows the changes taken place during this period.
Literacy: Literacy is one of the social variable which influences on almost every field.It is one of the driving forces to development of a nation.In 1971 the literacy rate of the district was 53.4% Male literacy was 60.3% and female literacy literacy was 45.8%.The gender gap in literacy during this period is 14.5% where as in 2011.Among the taluks the lowest literacy is found in HD Kote taluk (16.11%) followed by Nanjangud (17.25%),T.Narasipura (19.36%) and Periyapatana (20.26%).Mysuru taluk has recorded highest (44.86%) in the district.In Male literacy also this taluk has highest (51.71%) and H.D.Kote has recorded lowest (23.72%) in the district.After four decades of time, the literacy rate has increased to 72.8% in the district.In all the taluks, it has been raised substantially.H.D.Kote taluk which recorded lowest (16.1%) in 1971, has recorded 4 time more in 2011 (64.1%).All the taluks has been a record increase from 2 to 3 times.Highest increase has been found in Mysuru taluk (82.5%) during this period.Among males, the literacy rate has raised from 60.3% to 78.5% during these four decades.In H.D.Kote taluk, the literacy has been raised from 23.7% to 71.2%.In Nanjangud taluk, it has been increased from 23.98% to 68.3% during this period.Mysuru taluk has registered at 86.3%.Lowest male literacy rate is found in T.Narasipura taluk with 67.9%.Nearly 1/3 rd of men are illiterates in this taluk.In 1971, the female literacy was 45.8% in the district which is lower than the district average.Less than 1/10 th of females in H.D.Kote are illiterates (8.02%).It is followed by Nanjangud (10.86%),T.Narasipura (11.8%) and Periyapatana (11.9%) in the district.In 2011, the female literacy rate in the district was increased to 67.06%.More than seven times has been raised in H.D.Kote taluk i.e., from 8% to 57%.In all the taluks, it has been observed that the average increase of literacy from 2 to 5 times during this period.It shows that there is a positive change in female education.The rural literacy rate in the district was 17.2% during 1971.H.D.Kote, Mysuru and Nanjangud taluks have less than district average.While K.R.Nagara has (23.19%) recorded highest in the same period.In 2011, the literacy rate in Rural has been raised to 63.29%.H.D.Kote, Nanjangud and T.Narasipura taluks have less than the district average.Periyapatana taluk has ranked top (70%) in rural literacy during this period.In Urban area the average literacy was 28.58% during this period.Mysuru taluk has recorded highest in the entire district (56.5%).It is followed by K.R.Nagara (47.97%) and Nanjangud (47.12%).Periyapatana has lowest Urban literacy rate (31.68%) in the district during this time.In 2011, the Urban literacy rate has been increased to 86.09%.Again, Mysuru taluk has registered top position (87.3%) in the Veterinary Hospitals: These are essential for the development of agriculture.During this period the number of veterinary hospitals were increased from 56 to 188 with 236% of change in the entire district.In H.D.Kote there was no Veterinary Hospital during 1975-76 and then the Government has established 21 Veterinary hospitals in different time period.In Hunsur and K.R.Nagar taluks the number of Veterinary hospitals were increased from 8 to 26 during this period.In Nanjangud taluk it has been increased 3 times during this period.In Periyapatana taluk it was enhanced from 6 to 27 and in T.Narasipura taluk.
Economic Indicators: Economic factors also play a crucial role in the development of a region.For study purpose, the scholars have taken Work participation rate, Net area sown and the length of roads for analysis purpose.
Work Participation Rate: Every person in the population is a consumer of goods and services.Some people in the population participate in the productive activities.Those who can participate in the production of goods and services constitute the resource of any country.It is defined as the ratio of the total workers to the total population of the region.Generally it is expressed in terms of percentage.It is highly useful to study because it shows how many people are engaging in different economic activities.Higher the rate, there will be more per capita income, more demand, more profit and leads to more development.Here work participation rate has been worked out for two decades.
In 1991, the work participation rate in the district was 38.76%.It was increased to 43.79% in the next two decades.In 1991, the rural work participate was 55.9% and it raised to 61% in the next two decades.Except Mysuru taluk, in all other taluks have more than the district average in work participation rate.In Urban areas, the average district work participation rate during 1991 was 20.8% and increased to 26.4% in 2011.Highest change has been observed in Periyapatana taluk during this period.Nearly 20% of work participation has been increased in this taluk during these two decades.There is a positive change in both rural and urban areas.Highest Positive change has been found in Periyapatana taluk (11.68%) and Hunsur (8.52%).Lowest change has been recorded in T.Narasipura (0.5%) and Nanjangud (3.6%) taluks.We can observe that more changes have found in rural areas compared to urban areas as shown in table 2.0.
Net Area Sown: It is another important economic parameter to assess the agricultural development of a region.It shows the actual sown area during a year.It is also called as net cropped area.It consist the land which is cultivated more than once in a year due to more water and other facilities.In our country nearly 50% of people are engaged in agricul-tural activities.During the last four decades the net sown area has been reduced in the district (-11.98%).Except Hunsur and H.D.Kote taluks, in all other taluks it has been reduced.The taluks like Mysuru (-35.7%),T.Narasipura (-35.1%) and Nanjangud (-34.4%) it was reduced significantly.In Mysuru taluk, the land put to non-agricultural use has been significantly increased from 5,140 hectares during 1975-76 to 13,840 hectares in 2016-17.In the same period, the fallow land has been increased from 8634 hectares to 31,748 hectares in the district.
Land put to Non-agricultural use includes all lands occupied by river beds, streams, ponds, canals, settlements, Industries, roads and railways.In future days, these lands will not be available for cultivation.Increase in population, urbanization, Industrialization, development of transport and other infrastructure facilities, this kind of land use pattern is continuously increasing.Except H.D.Kote and Periyapatana taluks, in all other taluks this kind of land has been significantly increased.Urbanization, Industrialization and development of transport have greatly contributed for the increase of this kind of land in Mysuru taluk.In 1975-76 the taluk had 5140 hectares and increased to 13840 hectares of this kind land during 2016-17.During these four decades, 32732 hectares of non-agricultual use of land has been increased in the entire district.
Current Fallow Land includes the land left unsown during the current agricultural year to regain the fertility and remained uncropped in the short term for want of moisture and economic reasons.This type of land has been significantly rised in the entire district.During 1975-76, the district had 48084 hectares of this kind land and increased to 163843 hectares during 2016-17 (from 8.71% to 25.10%).All the taluks, have registered great increase of this kind of land during this period.It is found that in the taluks like K.R.Nagara, Mysuru, Nanjangud and T.Narasipura this kind of land have greatly increased during this period as shown in table 2.0.
Length of Road: An efficient transport is one of the biggest facilitator for socio-economic growth of a region.Road network has been considered as a focal point in the development of a region.Construction of all weather road networks promotes quick economic and social development of a region.Rural connectivity is an important component of rural development in India.They provide basic inputs for all round socio-economic development of the rural areas.Here for the study purpose, the length of road which indicates connectivity between the places has been taken to assess the development of a region.In 1975-76, the total length of all type of road in the district was just only 3122 km and it has been increased to 10,741 km in the next 40 year.Nearly 7620 km of roads were constructed during this period as shown in table 2.0.In all the taluks, more roads were constructed during this time.T.Narasipura has recorded lowest 27.9% of decadal change where as Mysuru taluk has registered highest decadal change (145%).In this taluk, 3151 km of road has been constructed during the last 40 years.All these shows that, the Government is continuously developing the connectivity between the places by constructing more roads.Demographic Indicators: Demographic factors will also play an important role in Socio-economic development of a region.Here the scholars have selected Male and Female Population as well as Rural-Urban population of 1971 and 2011 in the district.During 1971, nearly 51.65% of people in the district were males.The proportion of male population has been reduced to 50.4% and female population has been increased to 49.6% from 48.35% during 2011.It shows that, the tendency towards male baby is reducing.There is an equal tendency of having either boy or girl baby is found in the district.In Mysuru taluk, 52% of population was males during 1971 and it reduced to 50.3% in 2011.The proportion of female population has been raised from 47.8% to 49.7% during this period.All the taluks of the district have registered increase of female proportion in the district during this period.
Rural-Urban Population is other important parameter to understand the pattern of Urbanization.In 1971, 69.2% of people were found in rural areas and remaining in Urban areas.During this period, Periyapatana (93.6%) and H.D.Kote (93.1%), have highest proportion of Rural population in the entire district.But Mysuru taluk has registered lowest Rural population (28%) in the district.Because it includes the district-headquarter Mysuru City.After Five decades of time, the rural population has been significantly reduced in the district from 69.2% to 58.5%.But urban population has increased from 30.8% to 41.5%.It shows that more urbanization is taking place in the district during this period.In all the taluks, there is significance increase of Urban population.Least increase is found in Periyapatana taluk compared to other taluks of the district.The district has more urban population than the state average (38.57%)during 2011 census as shown in table 3.0.
Sex Ratio is another social as well as demographic factor is determined by various factors.Here All these clearly indicates that the demographic factors like proportion of male and female, rural-urban population have significantly changed in the district from the last 50 years, which are influenced by Socio and Economic factors.Mysuru and Nanjangud taluks have registered lowest sex ratio in rural area (934 and 935 females per 1000 males) respectively during 1971.It has been noticed that Hunsur taluk has highest sex ratio in rural area (966 females per 1000 males).
The district has registered 947 females per 1000 males in rural area during 1971.In Urban area, the sex ratio in the district was only 912 females per 1000 males.H.D.Kote (903), Mysuru (909) and Nanjangud taluk (911 females per 1000 males) have least sex ratio in urban area during 1971.
T.Narasipura (944) had highest sex ratio among the urban area during 1971.After 50 years of time, the sex ratio in both rural and urban areas in the district has significantly raised.In rural area, the sex ratio has increased from 947 to 978 females per 1000 males.It has been noticed that, the sex ratio in rural area of Periyapatana taluk has been reduced from 963 to 944 females per 1000 males.But in the same period the sex ratio in urban area has significantly increased in the taluk ( 928 to 1014 females per 1000 males).In urban area the females are more than the male population in the taluk.Mysuru (963) and Hunsur (975 females per 1000 males) taluks have registered lowest sex ratio in urban area in the district.In Urban area, the sex ratio in various taluks have increased in a significant way.It has been found that the sex ratio has increased from 912 to 996 females per 1000 males in urban area during this period.Females are more than the male population in Nanjangud (1023), Periyapatana (1014), T.Narasipura (1009) and H.D.Kote (1008) taluks in urban area.In the same time, the sex ratio has increased from 936 to 985 females per 1000 males in the entire district during this period.It has been found that in Periyapatana taluk the sex ratio has been reduced from 956 to 948 females during this period.But in the taluks like K.R.Nagara (997), T.Narasipura (997), Nanjangud (996), H.D.Kote (987) and Mysuru (986 females per 1000 males) have more sex ratio than the district average as shown in table 3.0.
Composite Index of Development: To measure the development of a region, several variables are used.There is no single variable is adopted to measure the level of development of a region.Hence several variables are used to the level of development of a region.Here the scholars have adopted Kendal's Ranking method to know the level of development.It is found that proportion of female population is increasing in the last 50 years in all the taluks.Urbanization process is high in the district.Hence the urban population is also increased in all the taluks of the district.The district has more urban population (41.5%) than the state average (38.57%) in 2011 census.It is noticed that the sex ratio in the district has significantly increased from 936 to 985 females per 1000 males during 1971 to 2011.In urban area the sex ratio has been raised from 912 to 996 females per 1000 males during this period.Kendall's Ranking method shows that more development has found in Mysuru, K.R. Nagara and Nanjangud taluks in the district compared to other taluks.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Location of Mysuru district Social Aspects: Among social aspect Medical facilities like Number of Hospitals, Number of Beds, Number of beds per 10000 population and Veterinary Hospitals have been selected for analysis.Literacy is another important factor studied here.Health:It is most essential factor for human development.Health can be regarded as a state of mental, social and economic wellbeing and not the mere absence of disease(WHO 1948).A healthy, happy and well nourished citizenry is the prerequisite for a healthy nation.WHO, has defined Global Public Health Security as 'the activities required both pro active and reative, to minimize the danger and impact of acute public health events that endanger peoples health across geographical regions and international boundaries' .Health of a person is depended on food, nutrition, economic, social facilities and other factors.The 2017 National Health Policy focuses on preventive and promotive health care and the Primary Health Care which is comprehensive and universal.It promotes patient centric, quality care, Intersectoral convergence, easy access, affordability with use of technology as its main features.When we observe table-1, during 1975-76, there are 137 hospitals in the district (both government and private).It has been increased to 1757 during 2016-17, with a decadal growth of 295.62%.There was an increase of 1620 hospitals during this period.Mysuru taluk has registered 728.5% of decadal growth due to more urbanization processes.Nanjangud taluk has recorded 57.95% growth in the last 4 decades.There was a tremendous change in number of hospitals and number of beds between 1975-76 to 2016-17.In 1975-76 there were 137 hospitals in the district and it was raised to 1757 in the next 40 years which accounts 1182.5%.In 1975-76, there were only 12 number of hospitals in the H.D.Kote taluk and raised to 58 in the next four decades.In T.Narasipura 141 hospitals were increased during this time.Highest number of hospitals was established in Mysuru taluk.It was raised

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Comparison of No. of hospitals beds in taluks of Mysuru district.

For
the development of any region a combination of Socio-Economic and Demographic factors are influencing.Other factors like natural and technological factors will also influence on the development of a region.So for study purpose the scholars taken 13 indicators from Social, Economic and Demographic aspects.Social and Economic factors were compared to 40 years of time, while demographic aspects were compared to five decades.Talukwise comparison has been made to understand the changes taken place during this period.We can observe that all these factors are influencing on each other in the district.For example, literacy rate is increasing in the district in the same time the proportion of female population is also increasing.The major findings of this paper are -there is an increase of Hospitals in every taluk during this period.It has been raised from 137 to 1757 in the district.Due to Urbanization process, the number of hospitals has phenomenally increased from 43 to 1296 with a volume of change 1253 hospitals in Mysuru taluk.The number of beds has also increased from 3233 to 8393 beds, with a volume of 5160 beds in the entire district.Highest change has been observed in H.D.Kote taluk from 18 to 338 beds with 1778% of increase during the last four decades.There is an increase of 6 beds for every 10000 people during this period.There is a raise in Female literacy rate compared to Male literacy rate during this period.(45.8% to 67.06%).Decadal change is about 9.08%.This change has been observed in every taluk of the district.Work participation rate has also increased positively in the district, especially among females.But Net area sown has been reduced from 300289 to 235825 hectares during this period (-21.47%).Area which is cultivated for more than once has been increased from 77493 hectares to 117519 hectares in the district.Land put to non-agricultural use (77.06%) and fallow land (340.74%) has significantly increased during this period.Construction of road has been increased during the last 40 years.T.Narasipura has recorded lowest 27.9% of decadal change where as Mysuru taluk has registered highest decadal change (145%).In this taluk, 3151 km of road has been constructed during the last 40 years.

Table 2 .
Selected Economic Indicators ofMysuru District Table 4.0 shows the Composite Index of Development of various taluks of Mysuru district by using Kendal's Ranking method.During 1975-76, K.R.Nagara has least composite score (57.5) compared to other taluks of the district.It was developed taluk in the district during that time.It was followed by Mysuru (69.0) taluk.After 40 years of time, Mysuru taluk became developed taluk compared to other taluks of the district.It has the least composite score (67.0) to other taluks.K.R.Nagara and Nanjangud taluks have ranked second place in the district (73.0).Compared to 1975-76, several taluks have improved significantly in 2016-17 as shown in table 4.0.