Emerging population trends in India 1971 – 2011: A regional scenario

Human population is one of the important components of regional development. The geographers approach includes an integrated framework in the process of development, mainly because of the dual role, aspirations, change in humans actions, etc are necessarily associated with time and space and physical elements. India, 7 th largest in terms of geographical area and 2 nd most populous country, It took nearly a hundred years to double its population till 1971. Thereafter, from 1971 (548 million) to 2011 (1225 million) India’s population growth witnessed nearly five times more than the base year (1947). In spite of the exponential increase in the human population, the growth rate within and between the decades has noticed a considerable decrease i e 1971-81 (30.6 percent), 1981-91 (23.86 percent) 1991-2001 (21.34 percent) and 2001-2011 (19.22 percent) The growth rate of human population among the five regions differ, more so during 1971 -2011. The Southern region growth rate declined from 23.17 percent and 13.3 percent respectively. Similarly, the Northern region experienced a decline from 37.36 percent and 18 percent. The western region 29.35percent and 28.12 percent and Northeast region 38.55 percent and 17.28 percent, exhibited similar trends respectively. It is interesting to note with an exception of Eastern region 1971-11 i.e. from 22.83 percent and 32.81percent respectively. The pattern of growth of human population in 1971-81 (151.3 percent) to 2001-11 (109.5 percent) shows the consistent decrease in Southern, Northern and Northeastern regions against the Western and Eastern regions. The latter regions continued to maintain consistency in growth, rather than counterparts. The region wise (group of states in the respective part of the country) distribution shows the discrete pattern, registered wide variation among five regions. The highest concentration of human population in 6 (21 percent) states comprise 55 percent of the total population of the nation (1971), whereas 53 percent (2011) reveal the consistency, volume over the decades. The Southern region accounted for 24.8 percent (1971) of population against 26 percent (2011). Similarly the share of Northern region 7 percent in (1971) and 8.3 percent(2011).Thestudyexpectsmoreofanintegratedapproachtounderstandthevitalaspects of human population, and its spatial dimensions. The paper makes an in-depth numerical as well as graphical analysis, emphasizing on geographic regions.


Introduction
Study of human population is significant in development of a region over a period, more so in case of India where human population had noticed an exponential growth from 1971 to 2011 than the earlier decades, 1971 (54 Crore), 1981(68.33Crore) 1991 (84.64 Crore) 2001 (102 Crore) 2011 (121Crore).The present study attempts to understand the spatial distribution of human population and its growth at regional as well as state level over the decades.The same may help us to identify and quantify the regional distribution of human population and the trend which may enable to address the region related issues.The study of human Population is concerned not only with the variables, the relationship between population variables in terms of spatial, temporal, economic, political, aspects of a region.
The studies of similar nature may help us to delineate the differences between the regions over the decades.One of the efforts is to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of human population, and the trend with the possible precision, to address social and economic issues.Regional distribution human population is not uniform among the five regions, as well as states from 1971 to 2011.The regional concentration of human population confined too few pockets/states where natural advantages are.The growth of human population has wide variation among the regions states and from 1971 to 2011.The study on Spatiotemporal aspects of human population has come across some of the limitations, the prominent limitations include, nonavailability and accessibility of classified district wise data to correlate with topography, landscape etc. for the period of 1971 to 2011.Non availability of data related to physio graphic divisions /sub-divisions at national as well as state level had restricted our study to consider state and union territory as one unit to process the data and to regionalize the same to arrive for a possible solution.

Objectives
To know the pattern of distribution of population in its regional context in India.To know the growth of human population within the regions, as well as states over the decades

Data Base & Methodology
The present study has been carried out on the basis of the data collected from the various reliable sources which include the directorate of census Government of India report of 1971 to 2011, the secondary sources which include journals and books.The data had been classified into FIVE REGIONS comprising states and union territories, ie Western, Southern, Eastern Northeastern and Northern respectively.The data had been processed with simple statistical techniques for percentage and ratios, for states and union territories, regional and national level averages to find for the year 1971 to 2011.Further, categorized into various levels /categories to find the differences among the states on distribution, growth patterns, the same data had been used to represent the form of graphs.

Regional distribution of population
India comprises only 2.4 percent of the land, and consist nearly 16.87 percent of the world (2011) population, in other words more than the population of the U. S. A, Russia, Canada, Australia and Brazil together.The spatial distribution of 121 Crore (2011) population in states and UTs is not uniform.Many of the states and union territories consists about three fourth of the total population living in the rural settlements, which has a significant role in the decadal growth of human population, In view of these inequalities an attempt has been made to explore the regional imbalance and inequalities in the growth of human population in case of states as well as region from 1971 to 2011.The rate of growth of human population among the states does not show the uniformity within the five regions.South region 1971 (24 percent) -2011 (26 percent) Northern 1971 (7 percent) 2011 (8 percent) Eastern 1971 (39 percent) -2011 (41 percent) Western 1971 (24 percent) -2011 (26 percent) and Northeastern 1971(3.5 percent) -2011 (3.7 percent) for the said periods respectively.This displays a consistent control over the distribution and growth of population compared with the rest of the regions of India.
The following tables reveal the state wise and decade wise percentage of human population distribution in India 1971 to 2011.The extracted numerical information has been categorized into to five groups based on higher the numerical value greater the level vice versa same identified as Very High, High, Moderate, Low and Very low, respectively.The Northeastern region in which Assam 1971 (2.6 percent) and 2011 (2.5 percent) is the leading state in comparison only to regional average, national average is higher than this.All other states have population concentration less than regional as well as national average.The states with low population are Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura.There is a uniform distribution of human population in this category from 1971 to 2011.22.85 percent of the states in this category have 3.5 percent of the total population.The distribution of human population over the decade has shown increase within the states, regional average 1971 (0.42 percent) and 2011 (0.71 percent) and the national average 1971 and 2011 (2.8 percent).

Growth rate of human population
In this paper the effort was to explore the regional inequalities in the growth of population in states and union territories, as well as different regions.The rate of growth of human population in India on an average, as well as states and Union Territories had noticed a considerable and consistent decline from 1971-81 (30.6 percent) 1981-91 (23.86 percent) 1991-2001 (21.34 percent) and 2001-2011 (19.22 percent).thattoo between 1981-1991, whereas 1991 to 2011 the rate of growth is nearer to 2 percent, which is so insignificant against previous period.The same has been considered to compare with REGIONAL and NATIONAL growth of population.The extracted result shows that the rate of growth of human population among the states does not show the uniformity within the states, as well as respective five regions.Among the prominent regions the South region displayed a consistent control over growth compared to the rest of the regions, Western, Northeastern regions of India.The Eastern region comprises high concentration and high growth of human population over the successive decades.The kind of growth in population and the rate of growth has coupled with measures that are changing in volume over time.
The processed data on population display about the absolute growth rate in human population states and union territories 1971 -2011.These states and union territories have been categorized into FIVE groups in order to understand the growth rate and number of states and union territories along with rate of growth over decades, respectively.

Very low:
The number of states and union territories in 1971 (18 states) relatively show more than half of the total, against 2011 (15 states).The prominent states includes Himachal Pradesh 1971 (34 lakh) (0.6 percent) 2011 (68 lakh) (0.5 percent), Tripura 1971 (15 lakh) (0.1 percent ) 2011(36 lakh) (0.3 percent) the lower populated states/UTs include Lakshadweep island in 1971(32,000) (0.006 percent ), 2011 (64,000) (0.005 percent), followed by Daman and Diu 1971 (63,000) (0.01 percent) 2011 (2.4 lakh) (0.02 percent).43 percent of the states/Union Territories in this category have 5 percent of total population.The percentage wise distribution of human population in terms of states and Union Territories in the Southern region shows that Andhra Pradesh 1971 (7.9 percent) and 2011 (12.1 percent), Tamil Nadu 1971 (7.5 percent) and 2011 (5.9 percent) and Karnataka 1971 (5.3 percent) and 2011 (5 percent) are in leading position comparing with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011(2.8percent) and regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011(3.7 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011.Whereas except Kerala where state average is less than the national average (regional average 1971 (3.8 percent) and 2011 (2.7 percent).Rest of the union territories were insignificant against the above mentioned states, from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is uniform over the decades 1981, 1991 and 2001.Nearly 20 percent of states comprise 24 percent of the total population.Displayed stable within the regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011(3.7 percent) and the national average over the years i e from 1971 (2.8 percent) -2011 (2.8 percent).The states of Northern region, in which Punjab 1971 (2.4 percent) and 2011 (2.2 percent) and Haryana 1971(1.8percent) and 2011 (2.1 percent) are in leading position compared with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (1.04 percent) and 2011 (1.18 percent), 1971 and 2011.All other states viz Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttara Khand, Delhi and Chandigarh have less population distribution pattern for the respective decades.Except Delhi rest of the states have seen increasing trend in the population distribution from 1991 and onwards with uniform population distribution from 1971 to 2011.Nearly 20 percent of the states of India and the region in this category has 7.38 percent of total population.The distribution of human population over the decade has shown slight increase within the states, regional average 1971 (1.04 percent) and 2011 (1.18 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 is (2.8 percent).The Eastern region in which Uttar Pradesh 1971 (15.2 percent) and 2011 (16.4 percent), Bihar 1971 (7.6 percent) and 2011 (8.5 percent) and West Bengal 1971 (8 percent) and 2011 (7.5 percent ) are leading, compared with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (6.6 percent) and 2011 (6.8 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011.All other states like Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand have less population from their respective decades.The summary is from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is uniform for the year 1981, 1991 and 2001.17.14 percent of the states in this category has 39.79 percent of the total population.The distribution of human population over the decade has shown slight increase within the states, regional average 1971 (6.6 percent) and 2011 (6.8 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 is (2.8 percent) The Western region in which Maharashtra 1971 (9.1 percent) and 2011 (9.2 percent), Madhya Pradesh 1971 (5.4 percent) and 2011 (5.9 percent), Gujarat 1971 (4.8 percent) and 2011 (4.9 percent) and Rajasthan 1971 (4.7 percent ) and 2011 (5.67 percent) are in leading position comparing with the national average 1971 (2.8 percent ) and 2011 (2.8 percent) and regional average 1971 (3.4 percent ) and 2011 (4.35 percent) for the year 1971 and 2011.All other states like Daman and Diu, Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli have negligible population from their respective decades.The summary is from 1971 and 2011 the pattern of distribution of human population is nit uniform for the year 1981, 1991 and 2001.20 percent of the states in this category have 24.41 percent of the total population.The distribution of human population over the decade has shown increase within the states, regional average 1971 (3.4 percent) and 2011 (4.35 percent) and the national average in 1971and 2011 (2.8 percent).

Very
High -High: The states and Union territories in 1971 (6 states) 2011 (2 states) with very high growth rate Chandigarh 1971 (76.18 percent) Mizoram (48.84 percent).In 2011 (2states).In this highest among this Dadra and Nagar (58.55 percent) and lowest Daman and Diu (53.54 percent).17.14 percent of the states are in this category out of total.The states in the high category group in 1971 include 6 states and in 2011 only 1 state.The highest growth rate among the 1971 Dadra n Nagar (39.28 percent) and lowest Tripura (31.91 per- The distribution of human population in states and union territories in India displayed consistent increase from 1971 to 2011, some of the regions/states have higher share in comparison to rest of the states where the volume is insignificant, especially Northeastern states and Islands.The states like Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh have registered the highest population distribution against other states of India from 1971-2011.The state with the highest population in 1971 Uttar Pradesh with the population of 8.3 Crore and in 2011 Uttar Pradesh with population of 19.9 Crore.The state with lowest in 1971 Lakshadweep Island (32,000 persons) 2011 (64,000 persons).Out of all the states and union territories of India the rate of increase of population is increasing as well, with inconsistency in their size.The growth rate, and growth trend of human population in all five regions of India from 1971-2011.Increase in the growth rate in India 1971 -1981, (30.6 percent) against 2001-2011 (19.22 percent).because of the less increase in the population and also because of awareness among the general public on better, and quality family life.In 1971-1981 the highest growth rate among the states and union territory having the highest population is Chandigarh (76.18 percent) and in 2011 it has decreased to 17.01 percent but in 2011, the state with the highest growth rate is Dadra & Nagar (58.55 percent) and in 1971 it was 39.28 percent.There increase in growth rate of Dadra & Nagar from 1971-2011, One may

Table 1 .
Region Crore) (2.5 percent).The other states in this category are from the southern peninsular India.30 percent of the states in this category have 20 percent of total population of the country.

Table 3 .
Distribution number of states and UT's in their respective The number of states display decrease in the growth, 1971 (20 states) 2011 (11 states).The highest growth rate among 1971 Haryana (28.75 percent) and lowest growth rate is Orissa (20.16 percent).In 2011 the highest was the state of Meghalaya (27.82 percent) and lowest is Madhya Pradesh (20.03 percent).7 percent of the states are in this category out of total. Moderate:

Table 4 .
Region wise distribution of population growth states, UT's The states with distribution of growth rate in the Eastern region are Uttar Pradesh 1971 (25.35 percent) 2011 (20.09 percent) followed by Bihar 1971 (24.15 percent) 2011 (25.07 percent).Compare to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011 (19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (22.83 percent) 2011 (32.81percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Orissa (20.16 percent) 2011 (13.97 percent) Chhattisgarh 1971 (20.38 percent) 2011 (22.59 percent) It has uniform growth rate Pattern in 1971 and 2011.(17.14 percent) states are there in this category.The growth rate of popula-

Table 5 .
Region wise distribution of growth rate of India from 1971 As comprise to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011 (19.22 percent) and regional average in 1971 (37.46 percent) and 2011 (18.00 percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Himachal Pradesh (23.70 percent) 2011 (12.81 percent) and Punjab 1971 (23.89 percent) 2011 (13.73 percent) .It has a uniform growth rate pattern from 1971 and 2011.20 percent of the states are there in this category.The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states.Regional average 1971 (37.46 percent) 2011 (18 percent) and the national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011(19.22 percent) In Southern region shows Andaman and Nicobar island 1971 (63.53 percent) 2011 (6.68 percent) followed by Karnataka 1971 (26.74 percent) 2011 (15.67 percent).ascomprise to national average 1971 (30.60 percent) 2011(19.22 percent) and regional average 1971 (23.17 percent) 2011 (13.30percent) and the states with low density are 1971 Kerala (9.01 percent) 2011 (4.86 percent) and Tamil Nadu 1971 (17.49percent) 2011 (15.06 percent).It has uniforms growth rate pattern 1971 and 2011 (22.85 percent) states are there in this category.The growth rate of population over the decade has shown consistent decrease within the states, regional average 1971 (23.17 percent) 2011 (13.3 percent) and the national average 1971 (30.60 percent), 2011 (19.22 percent).