Inside an Urban House - A Cross Sectional Study on Urban Housing Standards

Introduction: Poor housing can increase the risk to people due to structurally deﬁcient housing, poor construction or maintenance, can increase the chances of fall and risk of injuries. Indoor environment refers to the quality of air inside the dwelling. From diﬀerent sources indoor air pollution can occur, mainly from inappropriate building materials can cause cracks, crevices, moulds and dust. Objective : To assess the housing standards in urban ﬁeld practice area under Department of Community medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar. Materials & Methods: A community based cross-sectional study using universal sampling technique conducted in urban Kolar Karnataka. Among all households living for at least minimum of 1-year duration under Gandhi Nagar P.H.C urban ﬁeld practice area of Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, Kolar were approached and house to house survey was done. Interview was done to Head of the family or the most senior member available in the family on the survey day. The data was analysed by using licensed SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, proportions and conﬁdence intervals were used. Chi-square test applied test the signiﬁcance diﬀerence. Results: Among the 608 houses surveyed, 96.1% houses have independent access to street, 65.3% of houses are away from breeding places of ﬂies,79.9% of houses are away from the nuisance such as smoke, smell excessive noise and traﬃc. Around half of the houses (48%) have obstruction to lighting and ventilation, 44.2% houses doesn’t have open space all around the house and 50.5% houses have overcrowding. Conclusion: Housing conditions in urban areas failed to meet the requirements for health with a substantial range of hazards present. Housing conditions have to improve on lighting, Ventilation, sewerage system, waste disposal and closing open drainages around the houses.


Introduction
Healthy housing gives a feeling of home, which includes a sense of belonging, security and privacy. It depends on the several factors like the physical structure of the dwelling, and the extent to which it enables physical health, including by being structurally sound, by providing shelter from the elements and from excess moisture, and by facilitating comfortable temperatures, adequate sanitation and illumination, sufficient space, safe fuel or connection to electricity, and protection from pollutants, injury hazards, mold and pests. Improved housing conditions can save lives, prevent disease, increase quality of life, reduce poverty, help reduce the effects of climate change and contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including (SDG 3) addressing health and (SDG 3) sustainable cities 1 .
The physical structure of housing depends on building materials and design which is an important part of the built environment. Examples of construction material impacts are: formaldehyde emissions from fiberboard materials; the release of asbestos from textured ceilings; and fibers from glass insulation material, which are all hazardous for human health 2 .
Indoor environment refers to the quality of air inside the dwelling. From different sources indoor air pollution can occur, mainly from inappropriate building materials can cause cracks, crevices, molds and dust. Another main source of indoor air pollution is from busy roads and intersections -outdoor air contaminants from motor vehicle exhaust get entered through the gaps between the frame of windows and doors. Contaminants from work and waste sites can be trapped inside on footwear. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in gas cookers, un-flued gas heaters, and cigarette smoking generates harmful contaminants like nitrogen dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide inflames airways and increase blood lead concentrations in children from lead pipe water, ingestion of flaking lead paint can affect kidneys, reproductive organs, nervous system, and cognitive functioning 3 .
In 2012, India recorded over 2600 deaths and 850 of various casualties occurred due to collapse of about 2700 buildings 4 . In 2016, 3.8 million deaths globally reported in low-and middle-income countries due to household air pollution from the use of solid fuels for cooking 5

Methodology
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban Kolar Karnataka. Among 4 primary health centres (Rahmath nagar, Durga Mohalla, Municipal hospital and Gandhi Nagar) in urban Kolar, Gandhi Nagar PHC was selected by simple random sampling (Lottery method). The total population of the Gandhi Nagar as per 2011 Census is 6807 and the total no of houses is 1370 7 .
All the people living for at least minimum of 1-year duration under Gandhi Nagar P.H.C, urban field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, Kolar were included. (Figure 1) Locked houses during the time of survey were excluded after two visits. House to house survey was done under Gandhi Nagar PHC to assess the housing standards and factors influencing the housing conditions. The survey team were comprising Assistant professor, Postgraduate from the Department of Community Medicine. Each day about 20-30 houses were covered with the help of pre-tested, semistructured questionnaire. Data was collected using interview method by using a pre structured questionnaire which lasted less than 10 minutes. Interview were done to Head of the family or the most senior member available in the family on the survey day. Data obtained was compiled in Microsoft excel and SPSS statistical licensed software version 22 used for analysing the data. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, proportions and confidence intervals were used.

Results
A total of 608 houses included in the study using Universal sampling method under Gandhi Nagar P.H.C, urban field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, SDUMC, Kolar.

Discussion
We found that housing conditions do not meet requirements for good health and well-being, with significant hazards present and kutcha dwellings experiencing the most limiting conditions. In general, the housing investigated had poor ventilation for the removal of pollutants, used hazardous materials and was poorly constructed, experienced overcrowding and had poor natural lighting. Dumping of solid waste around the settlement is widely practiced, attracting rats, stray dogs and other pests.
Interventions to improve housing need a multisectoral approach and the involvement of different stakeholders. Capacity building and financial support are needed to improve construction practices and dwelling design, to ensure safe construction to design codes and support access to better materials and clean cooking fuels.
A survey conducted in urban Ibadan, Nigeria by Olusola Oladapo Makinde in 2020 showed that 74.5% were house owners, while 22.7% are renters and 2.8% inheritors and government allotters 8 . Similarly, in this study 74.8% were house owners, 24.8% are staying in rented house.
In a study conducted by Sharma et al. in urban Delhi on 2022 found that majority (63%) of houses doesn't have adequate lightning and ventilation. Open space around the house is not there for 58% of houses 5 . Ventilation depends on the setback area of house, in this study setback area is absent in 48% of houses it is because of cost of the land in urban areas and lack of lands availability. Improving the lighting and ventilation will decrease the chances of getting infections from in and around the surroundings because light and air is a natural agent for disinfection. Ventilation improves the air circulation and reduces the indoor pollutants and thereby low chance of respiratory tract infections especially among children. In 2020, study conducted by Emily Nix et al. in resettlement colony, Savda Ghevra, located on the North-West edge of Delhi reported that walls of the houses are made with brick and cement mostly 9 . A study conducted by Naz et al. found that majority of houses are having separate kitchen for cooking. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) was the predominant fuel for cooking and exhaust fans were present in 38% of houses.83% of households practicing the dumping of solid waste around the settlement similar findings were observed in this study.
Most of the families staying in the urban area in our study belongs to nuclear family. For better lifestyle and higher education of their children they migrated from small villages to urban areas. The households invested to make a house with low budget, it makes them to owning less area of land and construction of small dwellings which leads to overcrowding. In this study majority of the houses are overcrowded. Overpopulation leads to tremendous pressure on infrastructural facilities like housing, electricity, water, transport, employment, etc. Similar studies conducted by Lopez

Conclusions
We found that housing conditions in urban areas failed to meet the requirements for health with a substantial range of hazards present. Housing conditions were revealed to significantly affect daily practices, which in turn is likely to limit socio-economic development and gender equality. We recommend for strengthening the local leadership. Local leaders need to be made aware of the importance of urban planning and public policies. Their participation helps in integrated development, help mobilize finances and build affordable housing. Housing solutions need to consider the systemic impacts, local perspectives and, in particular, the needs of women and girls to be inclusive, effective and desirable. Another recommendation is about sewerage problems and waste disposal. Water pipes run in close proximity to sewer lines, its leakage can lead to contamination of water which results in the spread of several water borne diseases. Landfills are hotbeds of disease and innumerable poisons leaking into their surroundings. Another suggestion is to improving the drainage system by closing all open drainage with concrete slabs without any gaps in between, so that vector breeding places can be reduced.

Ethical considerations
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional ethical committee for human studies and approval number is DMC/KLR/IEC/102/2022-23.