Study of Electrical Output in Photogalvanic Cell for Solar Energy Conversion and Storage: Lauryl Glucoside-Tartrazine-D-Fructose System

Objective: The present study is focusing on the role of surfactant in photo-galvanic cells and how photons from sunlight can be used as a driving force for energy solar energy conversion and storage. Methods: An H shaped cell was designed for study of electrical output in solar transformations . Electrical circuit was proposed by using of dye, reductant, surfactant, NaOH, double distilled water (DDW), multi-meter, calomel electrode, 250 k roistered, saturated calomel electrode, platinum electrode, carbon pot, resistance key, digital pH meter, microammeter, and 200 W tungsten bulb. A detailed reaction mechanism for the proposed photogalvanic cell (PG Cell) for generating photocurrent and photocurrent has been studied. PG Cells were studied for the solar energy transformation system. Findings: PG Cells were studied by using different parameters via photocurrent, photopotential, conversion eﬃciency, ﬁll factor and cell performance. The above values are as follows: 388.0 □ A, 1141.0 mV, 0.7995%, 0.5389 and 129.0 minutes. Electrical output of the cell has also been observed for tartrazine, D-Fructose and lauryl glucoside systems. Potential at power point, Potential at open circuit, power point of cell (pp) and current at short circuit were also studied. The obtained values are as follows: 1133 mV, 1523 mV, 435.321 and 544 m A. Novelty: The photogalvanic is an emerging ﬁeld of research for conversion and storage of solar energy. This study employs lauryl glucoside-tartrazine-D-fructose system for better electrical output which is also an eco-friendly natural dye system. The observed results are better in cell performance (t 1 = 2 ) and reduction in cost (INR 9531.38 / USD 125) of the photo-galvanic cell for its commercial viability.


Introduction
The fossil fuels like wood, coal, kerosene, etc. are reaching towards their complete depletion. The non-renewable sources of energy have their own limitations. The scientific community is compelled so is search out the renewable source of energy to feed the whole world with non-polluting nature and commercially viability. Thus, the solar energy is the best option to fulfill the energy demand. It was necessary and proposed to carry out experimental work under the solar parameters. Detailed literature surveys about different photogalvanic cell have been used in solar transformation for best results. Solar energy is already becoming cost competitive with solar power and better storage capacity, the day is not far when renewable energy will compete with coal-based power. However, over the next few decades, world will have to significantly reduce its coal and oil used to accelerate climate action. Currently, about more than half of world energy demand is met by two fossil fuels -coal and oil. A huge proportion of world electricity generation comes from thermal power, most of which is coal based. For Industrial development and agricultural activities, Energy is a key role for humanity in modern society and demanded day by day as riding environment. Although photogalvanic cell and photovoltaic cells are used for solar energy conversion and storage but photovoltaic cells have the least storage capacity whereas photogalvanic cells having very good storage capacity and due to this reason present research project has been taken under study.
First of all, (1925) the action of light on the ferrous iodine iodide equilibrium was studied (1) . The photogalvanic effect I (1940) was studied in the photochemical properties of the thionine-iron system (2) . The efficiency of iron thionine system (1959) was observed for photogalvanic cell (3) . With respect to total illumination, thin layer iron-thionine photogalvanics (1978) was observed in electrodic phenomena at the anode (4) . Use of thionine ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) system in photogalvanic cell (1989) was observed for solar energy conversion and storage (5) . The use of miscelles (1999) in photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion and storage: cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide-glucose-toluidine blue system was studied (6) . The studies of the micellar effect (2010) on photogalvanics: solar energy conversion and storage-EDTA-Safranine O-TWEEN-80 System was mentioned (7) . A comparative study (2011) on the performance of photogalvanic cell with different photosensitizers for solar energy conversion and storage: D-Xylose-NaLS system was studied (8) . Reports on mixed surfactant (2013) with photogalvanic cells for solar energy conversion and storage: D-xylose methylene blue systems were reported (9)(10)(11) . Photogalvanic effect was studied (2015) for PG cell containing mixed surfactant (NaLS+Tween-80), methylene blue as a photosensitizer and xylose as reductant for solar energy conversion and storage (12) . Study of surfactant in photogalvanic cell (2017) for solar energy conversion and storage was reported for electrical output (13) . Better study (2018) was done in photogalvanic effect in photogalvanic cell containing single surfactant as DSS, Tatrazine as a photosensitizer and EDTA as reductant for solar energy conversion and storage (14) .
Recently, Pooran koli (2021) has studied on sudan-I dye and fructose chemicals based photogalvanic cells for electrochemical solar energy conversion and storage at low and artificial sun intensity (15) . A detailed literature survey (2020-2021) about different photogalvanic cell has been used in solar transformation for better results (16)(17)(18) . Different group of scientist (2021) reported formic acid reductant-sodium lauryl sulphate surfactant enhanced photogalvanic effect of Indigo Carmine dye sensitizer for simultaneous solar energy conversion and storage (19) . Koli et al. reported modified and simplified (2022) photogalvanic cells: solar energy harvesting using bromo cresol green dye with different electrodes and cell dimensions was also studied for better cell performance (20) . They have used different photosensitisers, surfactant and reductants in these PG cells but combination of lauryl glucoside, Tartrazine and D-fructose system has not been investigated and not attention has given for better electrical output. It is thought that such a system (Lauryl glucoside-Tartrazine-D-fructose system) might produce a PG cell with enhanced electrical output and performance. In addition, this system will special attention to better performance (t 1/2 ) and reduction in the cost of the PG cell for its commercial viability, therefore, the present study was undertaken.

Experiment method
The present research study on PG Cell is studied by H shaped glass tube which was fabricated. The total volume of experimental set was 25 ml including solution dye surfactant and reductants. the electrical circuit was completed by using calomel electrode, https://www.indjst.org/ 250 k roistered, H shaped glass tube, A saturated calomel electrode platinum electrode carbon pot, (resistance) key, digital pH meter and microammeter, and 200 W tungsten bulb. During experiments, water filter was used for IR light. One limb of H shaped glass tube was connected with calomel electrode and another limb was connected with platinum foil electrode. The pH of the solution was adjusted and measured by a pH meter. H-Type PG cell was fabricated with different surfactants, dye and reductant solutions were used for investigation. The experimental set up for methodology is shown in Figure 1.

Effect of variation of lauryl glucoside concentration on the PG-CELL
During experiment stage solar, electric output was increased on increasing the concentration of lauryl glucoside and reached to optimum position (at p H 12.09) and on subsequent decrease on increasing of lauryl glucoside concentration. On a lower concentration range of lauryl glucoside concentration, less ability to solubilize the molecules for electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction. In contrast, at a higher concentration range of lauryl glucoside concentration, there are a larger number of surfactant molecules being available for electron transfer process in hydrophilic hydrophobic interaction which may reduce electron transfer. At the intermediate range of lauryl glucoside concentration there are significant effects on electrical output for the photogalvanic system. This is because surfactant can help to separate photoproducts through hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction of the micelles interface. The observed results are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Effect of variation of tatrazine (dye) concentration on the system
During experiment stage, solar electric output was increased on increasing the concentration of tatrazine and reached to optimum position and on subsequent decrease on increasing of tatrazine concentration. On a lower concentration range of dye, the low number of dye limits the absorption of the light source, so the electrical output is low. In contrast, at a higher concentration range of dye molecules, there are so many molecules present that the desired light source does not reach the molecule near the electrode. At intermediate range of dye, there are optimums molecules present that the optimum light source does reach the molecule near the electrode and maximum photopotential, maximum photocurrent, and maximum power were obtained. The observed results are shown in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Current-voltage (i-V) characteristics of the photogalvanic cell
By using, following formula fill factor of PG-cell was calculated (Figure 2).

Cell performance and conversion efficiency
By using, following formula fill factor of PG-cell was calculated (Figure 3) Conversion e f f iciency =

Comparison with past studies
It also observed that the photogalvanic cell with present system has conversion efficiency and storage capacity, 0.

Novelty of work
On the basis of observed results, we are concluded that the single surfactant affected photogalvanic cell more than mixed surfactants. The single surfactant has not only enhanced the conversion efficiency but storage capacity of photo galvanic cells. The exhaustive efforts still have the scope to enhance electrical output as well as storage capacity of photogalvanic cells along with reduction in their cost to get commercial viability. The conversion efficiency, t 1/2 and fill factor are recorded as 0.7995%, 129.0 min. and 0.5389 respectively in PG system. Potential at power point, Potential at open circuit, power point of cell (pp) and current at short circuit were also studied. The obtained values are as follows: 1133 mV, 1523 mV, 435.321 and 544µA. https://www.indjst.org/

Limitation of present study and Future scope of present study
Solar energy is already becoming cost competitive with solar power and better storage capacity. The day is not far when renewable energy will compete with coal-based power. A huge proportion of world electricity generation comes from thermal power, most of which is coal based. The theoretical conversion efficiency of PG cell is about 25-30%, but observed conversion efficiencies is quite low (0.7995%) due to dye based photochemical environment. This limitation encountered in the area of development of PG cells has discussed time to time. However, over the next few decades, world will have to significantly reduce its coal and oil use to accelerate climate action. Currently, about more than half of world energy demand is met by two fossil fuels -coal and oil.