An investigation on production and productivity export performance of significant spices in the Country India

Background: To strengthen the economy growth through agriculture, there ought to be increase in production and balance in trade terms of export and import. India competes with the global markets in exporting significant spices and few other horticulture products that ends up in economy growth with the help of an array of governmental initiatives to the farmers. Objectives: To analyze the Growth Rate and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of significant spices and to examine the export of major spices from India during the period of 10 years from 2010 2020.Methods: The data have been analyzed with statistical tools; the study has used Compound Annual Growth Rate Analysis (CAGR)& Instability Rate (IR) for analysis. The secondary data used for this study was taken from the Spice Board of India annual reports for the period of 10 years from 2010-2011 to 2019-2020 for the selected major spices. Findings: The analysis provided compound annual growth rate and instability for the selected spices in India in terms of area, production, productivity and export performance for the period of 10 years from 2010-2011 to 20192020 to showcase the Indian export in the global markets and to know the status of spices growth in India compared to the previous years (2001-2010). Recommendation: A major concern for the survival in the export market is to increase the productivity and also maintain the quality of the product. So, the major recommendations to be noted by the Spice Board and Agriculture and spice industry to increase the productivity is, i) cultivating quality and best products, ii) utmost care in consumer and contaminants, iii) knowing the new trends in globalmarket for export, iv) enough storage precautions based on the products v) harvesting properly vi) hygiene both in environment and personal. Also, someof themajor schemes canbe introducedunder agriculture for better cultivation of spices by the farmers and it leads to the highest production and productivity and it also impacts the Indian economy.


Introduction
Nature has given many varieties of plants and humans have utilized some of them out of those varieties for their own benefits. Spices are one of the best varieties and it is most commonly used plant all over the world. Even though spices are required in very small amount, it has its own properties and benefits. Some are used for medicines, scents etc. The name spice is derived from the word species, which was applied to groups of some exotic foodstuffs in the ancient times. Spice is a plant product with fragrance utilized by the humans as a flavouring or condiment. It is a well-known appetizer, normally refers to the derivatives from certain herbs like Seeds, Leaves, Bark, roots etc. They are utilized predominantly for upgrading taste of the food. Spices are one of the major demands in the food processing industry.
India is known as "The origin and Land of spices". There is no other country in the world that produces as much kind of spices as India. India is dominating in producing spices due to the environmental condition. The moderate Indian climate is suitable for almost all spices grow here. In India, spices are one of the important commercial crops from the point of view of both domestic consumption and exportation. Besides, large quantities of spices are also being consumed within the country for flavouring foods and are also used in other areas like medicine, pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetics and the same has been exported to several other countries which increase the export ratio in the country. India is the world's largest producer in terms of spices; the country produces about 75 varieties of spices and exporting a huge amount. India has especially important place in the world spice export among all countries in the world including those which do not produce spices or spice products.
Some of the southern and northern states in India are Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu plays vital role in producing the spices. Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu produces Pepper and Small Cardamom whereas Large Cardamom is produced in the northern states like Sikkim and West Bengal. Some other states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal; Meghalaya produces Ginger which is very essential. States like Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Bihar are the producers Turmeric. On the other hand, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh are the producers of Cumin. Likewise, India is one of the major and significant spice producers among the world. Export performance of chilli and cumin from India and portrayed an empirical analysis to show the growth and instability under area, production, yield and export volume and value of chilli and cumin in India and also revealed the chilli area under cultivation showed the negative growth. Whereas cumin showed positive and significant growth and export quantity and value of chilli and cumin had shown significant positive growth (1). Overall performance of small cardamom export from India to different international locations for the year 1970-71 to 2017-18 in terms of growth rate, instability, geographic concentration and the sources of growth and variability in export of small cardamom from India. In the study, it is shown that lower growth rate and higher instability were observed during period II which could be the result of increased domestic demand and stiff competition in global market especially from Guatemala (2). Analysis of Spices exports in for about more than two decades (1990 -2017). In the study the author revealed that the year wise growth rate has been drastically increased. At some point of time the growth rate has reached the maximum level. Also, the entire export of Spices has been exceeded the target in terms of each volume and worth. The result shown as the overall export is high in the middle of the decade and low at the end of the year. The profit rates also depend on the money value and currency rate (3). Production and the Growth Trends of Spices in India for the period from 2001-02 to 2015-16. It is observed that the overall growth rate in production of spices in India showed a positive trend (4). Performance of growth in terms of Area, Production, Productivity and Export of Spices in India. Also calculated the compound growth rate and instability index in area, production and productivity over last ten years were analyzed. India has achieved positive growth rate in production and productivity over the years. The spices crops recorded better growth in export https://www.indjst.org/ and a very less growth in import over last years in terms of value earned. The high growth and low instability index indicate sustainability in production which is the prerequisite and displays the tremendous indication for the export potential from India (5). Production and exports and critically analyzed the foreign exchange earnings through spices exports. The end result shows that there is no significant growth in area and production of spices for the duration of 2007-08 to 2016-17 (6). Revealed the overall performance of Indian spices exports during the WTO regime are found satisfactory and openness has led to the growth of India's spice export. (7) discussed the growth, cultivation, market analysis of pepper in the major exports. The study shows the export performance is good and in increasing phase comparing to other countries (8).
Empirical study of linkage between commodity exports and balance of payments has been declining and the traditional role of commodity exports and also the emerging unfavourable conditions, for the commodity exports of developing countries, have a mixed impact on their economies. Also, the study analyzed that India is performing well in exporting the spices (9). Examined the economic analysis of export performance of black pepper in Indian country and revealed that the export shares to major destinations have come down. India's share should be increased by offering quality pepper at competitive prices than other black pepper producing countries (10) . Analyzed Commodity Wise Export of Spice Products from India and analysed the spices production and export performance. The results shown that spices can be used as a way to link small scale growers with spices business, but on situation that accurate governance structures, exact relation among the events and discount of transaction fees are taken into consideration for export spices commodities (11) . The study portrayed that there was a decrease in the growth rate of area, production and productivity of pepper in Kerala. The export value showed a growth rate of 19.68 percent during 2005 -06 to 2013-14 and export quantity showed a negative growth rate of 2.87 during the same period (12) . Examined the economic wise growth and export performance of Ginger in India. It is identified that the growth rate between pre and post-WTO period in terms of area and production were positive. The export growth of post WTO period in terms of quantity and values were found to be low but the unit price value were found to be significant and positive (13) . Empirical analysis of growth and instability in major spices in India and examined trend in growth and instability of major spices in India during 1974-75 to 2012-13, and observed that almost all the spices have recorded a positive and significant growth rate in all the sub-periods. Variations in weather and price fluctuations were observed as the important factors affecting growth and instability in spices in India (14) . Growth rate study of Indian export and import of spices and analyzed the degree and direction of spices export from India and to study the import quantity and value of spices by India. The result revealed that 90% of spice is used for domestic consumption and the rest is exported as raw and also as well as value added products for other products (15).

Scope of study
The investigation and analysis is all about to calculate the growth rate and instability in production and productivity of significant spices in the country India. In this research work, the authors examined the export of spices in the international markets. The study conjointly covers the analysis of one decade of performance. The info has been taken from Annual reports and Spices Board of India for elaborate analysis.

Sample design
This study is attempted for analysis of significant spices data in terms of growth rate & instability in area, production and productivity and to examine the export performance of significant spices in India. The major 6 spice products such as Pepper, Cardamom (Small and Large), Chilli, Ginger and Turmeric are selected by using Convenient Sampling Method (CVM) for analysis.

Data sources
The study used only secondary data which has been obtained from Spice Board of India Annual Reports and from various publications which is cited in the references, official records and web source such as Handbook of Indian Spice Board.
Period o f study The research study covers a period of 10 years data from 2010-2011 to 2019-2020.

Geographical area of spices covered
Southern and Northern states in India like Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya pradesh, Andhra, TamilNadu, Maharashtra, Telengana and Rajasthan etc are the major spice producers and these geographical areas are taken for analysis to examine the growth rate and instability https://www.indjst.org/ 4 Statistical research analysis tools 4

.1 Compound Annual Growth Rate Analysis (CAGR)
To measure the Growth rate of major spice for Area, Production and Yield, the CAGR was worked out using the formula given below,

Instability analysis
To measure the instability of major spice area, yield and production, the coefficient of variations (CV) was worked out using the formulae given below

Export performance of Indian spices
The exports of Indian spices and the products of spices surged to Rs 21,515.4 crores (USD 3033.44 million) and a volume of 11,83,000 tonnes in 2019-20, supporting their strong interest in global business sectors in spite of firm rivalry. During the previous year of 2018-19, the country has exported a total of 11,00,250 MT of spices and its products. This means, in quantity terms, 7.52 growth ratio has marked. In rupee terms, the spices exports in 2019-20 grown by 10 percent from Rs 19,505.81 crore and in dollar terms, the growth was 8 percent.
The spices export during 2019-20 surpassed the fixed objective both as far as volume, rupee worth and dollar terms of significant worth against the export target of 10,75,000 MT valued Rs 19,666.90 crores (US$2850.28) for the year 2019-20, along these lines enlisting an expansion of eight percent in volume, 10% in rupee terms and eight percent in dollar terms.
The total number of spices and spice products exports stood at 215 of every 2019-20 as against 219 things in the previous year. Chilli, mint products, cumin, spice oils and oleoresins and turmeric kept on being the major contributors in the spices crate contributing 80% of the total profit. Though the Indian spices are exported to 185 countries, China 24%, US 16%, Bangladesh 6%, Thailand 5%, UAE 6%, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, UK, Indonesia, and Germany are the major takers, adding to more than 70% of the fare income.
Chilli kept on being the most demanded spice in 2019-20 with fares of 4,84,000 tonnes amounting to Rs 6,221.70 crores, enrolling an expansion of 15 percent in esteem from the earlier year. Cumin was the second-most traded zest, recording an expansion of 16 percent in volume and 12 percent in esteem. A total volume of 2,10,000 tonnes of cumin valued at Rs.3225 crores was traded from India in 2019-20.
The nation India has satisfied the expanding worldwide interest for its quality spices despite intense rivalry in worldwide business sectors. Taking into account the worldwide pandemic circumstance, the interest in quality Indian spices is on the ascent for their in susceptibility boosting properties. The zest which demonstrated the most extreme increment when contrasted with the past monetary year was ginger, enlisting a 178 percent expansion in volume and 129 percent in esteem at 50,410 tonnes and 449.05 crores individually. The fare for large cardamom heightened by 28 percent in volume and 11 percent in esteem and 1,100 tonnes of the zest was sent out intersection Rs 67.58 crores in esteem terms in 2019-20. Flavour blends have been in incredible interest in the unfamiliar business sectors inferable from their prepared to-utilize highlights.
https://www.indjst.org/ In Table 2, As far as major spices considered in area wise, it shows the declining stage in Hectare. There was slight positive growth rate in Cardamom (Large), Ginger and Turmeric. Remaining spices like Pepper, Cardamom (Small) and Chilli shows the negative growth. Pepper and Cardamom (Small) cultivation is shrinking steadily due to poor weather condition and flood in Kerala because Kerala is the major cultivator of Pepper and Cardamom (Small). Instability in area increased in Ginger and Cardamom (Large). When compare to previous years 2001-2010, the area wise seems to be declined stage due to various reasons such as flood, landslide due to erratic rainfall, increase in conversion of agriculture land to industrial area, crop failure due to adverse climatic condition. Overall, the instability in area decreased throughout the period of study and however slight fluctuations found in second period of study in terms of selected spices areas. In Table 3, the result shows that growth rate of pepper production increased from 48,000 tonnes in 2010 -11 to 70,000 tonnes in 2015-2016. The analysis shows clearly that production has rapidly increased when compare to previous years 2001-2010. The remaining period of the study 2016-2020 has steadily increased with some minor fluctuations. It was due to drought and untimely rains in major pepper growing states. The turmeric shows negative growth rate of -2.96 even though the area of cultivation is high when compare to previous years, it is due to decline in prices and stock aging are forcing turmeric farmers https://www.indjst.org/ in the southern state to shift to other crops. Other spices like Cardamom (Small), Cardamom (Large), Ginger and Chilli has positive growth rate in production. Overall Instability in production is decreased throughout the period of study.  Table 4 shows the view of productivity of major spices. However, the area and production of selected spices shows shrinking and fluctuations, the productivity shows positive growth rate in all selected spices except turmeric because the production of turmeric was low when compare to previous years 2001-2010. Instability level decreased in all selected spices. When compare to other selected spices ginger shows high instability rate due to environmental conditions like flood, poor weather, landslides etc. Overall, Instability in productivity has decreased in the period of study compare to the previous years 2001-2010 and that shows the production and cultivation area is good.  Table 5 shows that the Pepper export from India has declined in terms of production when compare to previous years due to the competition in the global market and Vietnam stands top in pepper production during the period of study. India needs to boost its competitiveness in the face of the fierce challenge from exporters like Vietnam, Indonesia and Brazil. Export of cardamom from India significantly earning over decades. The export of cardamom from India has steadily increased with some fluctuations during the selected period. Among selected spices the largest quantity exported from India was found to be Chilli. The export of Chilli was increased even though the decrease in area. It might be due to enhancement in the production and productivity. Ginger and Turmeric has approximately increasing. As far turmeric is considered it stands 1 st position in the world https://www.indjst.org/ with 62.9% of share even it shows negative growth rate in production and productivity. Instability in export performance has decreased in certain period when compare to previous years and that helps the India to export the spices in a better way.  Table 6 shows the export of major spices from India invalues during 2010 -11 to 2019 -20. As far as CAGR & Instability is concern, the market value for all the selected spices shows positive growth. Chilli shows the highest export value which increases to 6,22,170  The Figure 1 shows the overall Growth Rate and Instability analysis of significant spices in Area, Production, Productivity and export in the form of Quantity and Values. During the analysis, the Coefficient of Variation in Ginger is high in Area, Production, https://www.indjst.org/ and Productivity. In terms of CAGR, Area wise Cardamom (L) shows the highest growth, Production and productivity wise Ginger shows the highest growth. In terms of export Quantity in Coefficient of variation shows high and in chilli has the highest value in export. According to growth rate Turmeric and chilli has high growth rate in terms of export value.

Findings of commodity wise export of significant spices from India
• Pepper shows increase in production wise and slight decrease in area wise due to poor climatic condition and slight fall in export due to competitive. The CAGR records growth of 3.71 in terms of export values and -1.47 in terms of export quantity. • Cardamom (Small) shows the positive side in area, production, productivity and export performance with CAGR of 12.42 in terms of export values. • Cardamom (Large) shows the increase record in area, production, productivity and export performance with CAGR of 4.23 in terms of export values. • Chilli continued to be the most exported and demand spice in the global market for the period of 2010-2020 when compared to 2001-2010 with the CAGR of 15.01 in terms of export values. While compiling the Instability has decreased with slight fluctuations. • Ginger shows positive record in terms of production, productivity and export performance but slight year wise fluctuation in area wise due to environmental hazards and poor harvesting. The CAGR in terms of export values is 13.98. • Turmeric shows decrease in production and productivity due to landslides and poor farm planning and lack of schemes and fluctuation in market price. But slight increase in area and export performance. The CAGR records 5.63 with reference to export values.

Suggestions
• The government and the Ministry of Agriculture have to announce new agricultural schemes to boost agriculture and improve productivity. • To create demand in the global market quality of products should be cultivated by the farmers • Farm incentives should be provided to the farmers through agriculture ministry scheme to improvise the production and productivity • Immediate funds to be raised to the farmers during the disasters and loss of production • Exporters can be rewarded for their better performances and can be motivated • The Latest technology packaging methods to be adopted for fast packaging the spice products to avoid damages • Provide proper warehouse to stock the spices based on the climatic condition. • The government itself can procure spice products from the farmers and export, so that the farmers can get good price and the supply of goods can be maintained properly in the country for exports. • Government should reduce the paper procedure for the exporters in order to increase the exports

Conclusion
India exports spices to more than 150 countries. The major share of India is about 44% in output and 36% in the international spice trade. America is the largest importer of spices, followed by Germany and other parts of Europe and Middle East. World major spice producers are India (1.6million tonnes/annum), China (99,000 tonnes/annum), Bangladesh (48,000 tonnes/annum), Pakistan (45,000 tonnes/annum) and Nepal (15,000 tonnes/annum). The Indian government is very keen on increasing value-addition in spices. Spread of COVID-19 across the global market and business has affected the supply chain and brought the world economies in a slowdown condition. India's foreign trade during 2019-20 has also registered a negative growth mainly due to the slowdown of the export during the end of March, 2020. However, despite the COVID Pandemic, spices export from India has continued its upward trend during 2019-20 and has crossed the 3 billion US $ mark for the first time in the history of Spices export. The estimated export during 2019-20 has been 11,83,000 tonnes valued Rs.21515.40 crores (US $3033.44 million) against 11,00,250 tonnes valued Rs.19505.81 crores (US $2805.50 million) during the last financial year. The spices export during 2019-20 attained an all-time record in terms of both volume and value. Compared to last year, the export has shown an increase of 10% in rupee value and 8% in quantity. In dollar terms, the increase is 8%. Still, it can possibly perform better under such conditions the Government should plan strong polices and improvement of methodologies for spices sends out for exports. https://www.indjst.org/