An Experimental Investigation by Utilizing Plastic Waste and Alccofine in Self-Compacting Concrete

Background/Objective: This study aimed to investigate in properties of Self Compacting Concrete (Fresh & Hardened properties) by utilizing Alccofine and PET fibers as a replacement of cement and fine aggregate respectively, for enhancing the workability and durability of SCC. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The Mix design was done by Nan-Su method. In this investigation an experimental program carried out for M30 grade of concrete in SCC mixes with various percentage of plastic waste from 0.5% up to 1.25% as replacement of fine aggregate and 10% Alccofine as cement replacement. Different tests in fresh properties of SCC conducted for evaluation of workability such as (slump flow, V funnel, L box and U box) and in hardened properties of SCC (compressive, flexural, tensile strength, sulfate attack, abrasion resistance, XRD, SEM & EDS) were performed for evaluating the strength and durability of SCC. Finding: From the test results it observed that utilizing of 1% plastic waste and 10% Alccofine have best performance in workability and strength of self compacting concrete and it increase the durability of SCC. Applications/Improvement: Combination of Alccofine and PET fibers can be used in SCC as a strength and durability enhancer for having a suitable concrete and sustainable construction. *Author for correspondence


Introduction
Self Compacting concrete is able to flow in all shapes and abstractions. This type of concrete does not need vibration. Self compacting concrete is considered as greatest concrete and development concrete in concrete technology over the years, at least from 1980 (first developed in japan) till today. SCC has more advantages than conventional concrete because of its advantages it has more usage in construction era. Self-compacting concrete is able to get compacted without any external vibration and this type of concrete contains high content of fine admixtures and super plasticizer, also it has more workability than percentage level of Alccofine increased beyond to the optimum level the strength of SCC decreased and won't have the desired workability and durability 2 . Utilization of supplementary cementations for having and economical SCC in the production of this concrete can result in the major saving of cost and energy, it also improves the strength for having more durable concrete, the replacement of Alccofine by 10% in SCC had attained optimum result in strength 3 . A study of Alccofine and fly-ash was done to evaluate the performance of SCC so for that purpose an experimental work was conducted, and different tests were performed to achieve the result, so from results it was showing that self compacting concrete has best result with utilizing Alccofine and fly ash it increases the work ability and the durability as well 4 .

Development of SCC by Utilization of Plastic Waste
An investigation on SCC was carried out by utilizing Plastic waste from PET bottles in various percentages in M30 grade of concrete, after different tests it was found that the maximum strength observed by 1% of plastic waste in all mixes and in all type of strength 5 . A study has been carried out to develop the performance of Self compacting concrete by utilizing plastic waste from beverage bottles after evaluating by different tests and the results showed that plastic waste in form of fibers does not has a good result workability of Self compacting concrete, but it has good performance in durability of SCC 6 . A study was developed by utilization of plastic waste in Self compacting reinforced concrete different mixes were adopted with different percentage of plastic waste from 0.25% up to 1.4% and this experimental work aimed for M40 grade of SCC, after different test it was achieved that Self compacting concrete has best strength performance by utilizing 1% plastic waste maximum compressive strength and other types of strength was achieved, if the level of percentage from 1% increase or decrease the strength also act not good at all 7 . An experimental investigation was performed by using E-plastic waste as a coarse aggregate replacement in Self-compacting concrete by varying percentage from 0.25% up to 30% and from results it has been achieved that utilizing E-plastic waste has good effect in total cost and performance of self compacting concrete 8 . A study aimed at investigating the resistance of SCC with addition of plastic waste fibers to acid attack, from the test results as the percentage of fiber increased, weight loss percentage in compressive strength decreased when the specimens immersed in 5% sulphuric acid by weight of water with P H of 2.0 for 30, 60 and 90 days respectively 9 . So in this research utilization of plastic waste and Alccofine in SCC has been evaluated by using 10% Alccofine in SCC mixes as a cement replacement which is a constant percentage replacement for Alccofine in all mixes because 10% has been proved that it is a best percentage for replacement of Alccofine in SCC from literature review, and for plastic waste the percentage usage is varying from 0.5% up to 1.25% in different mixes of SCC for finding the percentage use of plastic waste in Self compacting .

Experimental Investigations
This experimental study conducted to insure the workability and durability performance of SCC by evaluating the effect of Alccofine and plastic waste.

Cement
Ordinary Portland cement grade 43 accepted to IS: 8112-1989 10 has been used in this experimental investigation, the properties of this cement presented in Table 1.

Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate confirming to IS 383-1970 which passes from 4mm sieve with bulk density of 1525.15 kg/m 3 and packing factor of 1.11 has been used for this experimental study.

Coarse Aggregate
Confirming to IS: 383-1970 11 are appropriate for the production of SCC. It is easy available with of size 12.5mm with bulk density of 1550.12 kg/m 3 and packing factor of 1.09 used for this experimental study

Alccofine 1203
Alccofine has high glass content and it can be finding from processed slag in production. Alccofine 1203 confirming to ASTM C989-99 is used, because of it is a similarity property it has been used as replacement of cement, properties of Alccofine presented in (Table 1).

Plastic Waste (PET Bottles)
For this experimental study fine plastic waste passing from 4mm sieve and remaining in 1mm sieve has been used and it shows in Figure 1 from polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

Super Plasticizer Admixture (SP)
Super plasticizer admixture or high range water reducer is the most important admixture with a water reduction

Mix Proportions
For this study five different mixes of self-compacting concrete have been designed according to (EFNARC-2005) with Nan-Su method. Four different mixes of SCC with varying percentage of plastic waste (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%) as a replacement fine aggregate and 10% Alccofine as are placement of cement were designed along with control mix of conventional concrete. the mix design was adopted for M30 grade of concrete according to European guidelines and specifications for self-compacting concrete the method for design mix was Nan-Su method 12 . Table 2 presented the mix proportion of SCC for different mixes and Table 3 presented factors for design mix by Nan-Su method. Nan-Su method is a simple method for design mix of SCC there for is used for designing of SCC in this investigation. The procedure mix design was properly done and insured the concrete has flow ability and other desired characteristic of self-compacting concrete 13 .

Tests Methods
The fresh properties of Self-compacting concrete were evaluated by using Slump flow test according to (EN 12350: part 8-2010 14 ) presented in Figure 2

Workability of SCC
Workability result is presented in Table 4. The results are showing that fresh properties of SCC mixes have best workability performance up to 1% plastic waste and 10%  Alccofine. After 1% usage of plastic waste, by increasing the percentage utilizing of plastic waste content the slump flow, V-funnel, L-box and U-box respectively decreased shown in Figure 3. Slump flow test and V-funnel test for 1% plastic waste and 10% Alccofine mix was found to be 720 mm and 10.2 sec respectively which fulfilled the requirement of EFNARC-2005 shown in

Mechanical Properties of SCC
The results for mechanical properties of SCC presented in Table 5. Compressive strength test was increased after  7 days and 28 days than conventional concrete and from results also obtained SCC mix (1% plastic waste and 10% Alccofine) have higher compressive strength, by increasing the amount of plastic waste compressive strength have been decreased. Results for 7 days and 28 days' compres-sive strength of SCC mixes are presented in Figure 5. Flexural strength of SCC was found to be increased 1.5% after 7 days and 2 days respectively than conventional concrete also from flexural test results it observed that mix of 1% PET and 10% Alccofine has higher flexural strength     Table 5. Mechanical properties of SCC Mixes with Alccofine and Plastic waste than other mixes presented in Figure 6, the test results for tensile strength presented in Figure 7. As from split tensile test results the optimum result for tensile strength was found with 1% replacement of plastic waste and 10% Alccofine. So, in this study trail mix 1% PET & 10% Alccofine has higher strength than other mixes. Table 5 presented the results of hardened properties of SCC.   that self-compacting concrete has good resistance when it faced with sulphate attack, the result for sulphate attack abrasion test are shown in Table 6,7 respectively. The X-ray diffraction test result also showed in Figure 8. SEM & EDS test results presented in Figure 9-11. From the tests results Self compacting concrete has shown excellent properties and shown the higher strength with Alccofine 1203 and Plastic waste (PET) as compared to conventional concrete. Self-compacting concrete has good durability against sulphate attack test, abrasion test,

Correlation Coefficient
The correlation coefficient has been evaluated for this experimental study to find out the relationship between variables (to predict the effect of input parameters to output parameters) 18 . Table 8 presented the result data between input parameter and output parameters which included the database of 4 experimental observations of SCC mixes. Table 9 presented the mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation. Plastic waste (PET) and fine aggregate are the important parameters for input and output are workability (slump flow, L-box, U-box, and V-funnel) parameters and test for evaluat-ing the strength are output parameters. Input parameters and output parameters are selected based on correlation coefficient (R), and the range of correlation coefficient value is -1 ≤ R ≤ +1 the (+) values is showing the positive correlation and the (-) values are showing no correlation 19 . The values which are closed to 1 are showing the strongest correlation between tested variables. The PET and fine aggregate are independent parameters which are input values but output values are dependent parameters. As from results it was found that all parameters are effecting in workability and strength value.

Conclusions
The conclusions can be procured from the various tests that were performed on normal concrete and in Self compacting concrete with utilization of plastic waste (PET) and Alccofine 1203 are: Self-compacting concrete has best performance in workability and durability with utilization of 10% Alccofine 1203 and 1% Plastic waste (PET) as a replacement of cement and fine aggregate respectively.
The optimum percentage for Alccofine and Plastic waste as cement and fine aggregate replacement was achieved to be 10% Alccofine and 1% Plastic waste.
By increasing the percentage of plastic waste after 1%, the strength of self-compacting will be decreased.
The maximum strength was achieved with Mix of SCC by 1% plastic waste and 10% Alccofine.
In case of strength self-compacting concrete with best percentage has been proved that it has higher strength wit mix of 1%PET & 10% Alccofine.
Self Compacting concrete with using 1% PET and 10% Alccofine as a replacement of cement and fine aggregate respectively is more workable and durable than Normal concrete.
Self compacting with utilization of Plastic waste and Note: bold coefficients are significant Table 9. Cross correlation between input and output parameters