Strategy for the Ecological Restoration of the Estuary of the River Rancheria (La Guajira, Colombian)

Objective: This research was to formulate the Environmental Action Plan (PAA), as a strategy for the ecological restoration that describes the programs and projects on the basis of the ecosystem goods and services provided to communities living in the area of study; especially the Wayuu indigenous population. Materials and Methods: The identification of the stressors, constraints, goods and services, was established through secondary information; which was organized in a matrix of Excel. With the above, it identified and prioritized the issues that affect the estuarine ecosystem of the River Rancheria. The tool implemented for the analysis of causality was the array of Vester. With this we identified the critical issues that present a high level of causality. These include problems: Passive, indifferent, total liabilities and assets. Findings: The estuarine system of the river Rancheria is a natural resource that has a variety of living organisms on which they depend as a source of food and shelter. Presents numerous habitats such as mangroves, mudflats, wetlands and permanent and temporary lagoons; which give protection to the coastal areas and shelter for wildlife. Application: As a strategy for ecological restoration is proposed programs within the PAA are: Water quality, wildlife management, scientific research, biological monitoring and management and follow-up. In the ecoregion identified the main problems, pressures and threats that are intimately related to the nature of the wetland, and their environments.


Introduction
The relationship between humans and the environment introduces changes in the coverage and watersheds; the man is a transforming agent of such ecosystems and has strongly influenced the change of the global environment 1,2 . The assessments of the ecological quality of estuarine systems are part of the research of interest to local communities, governmental authorities, non-governmental organizations, academics and researchers. The biomonitoring of water bodies is essential for authorities; decision-makers and community have reliable information about what is happening in the ecosystems. Through the literature review identified the elements that stress, limit and degrade the ecosystem in his arms The Riito (ER) and Calancala (BC). In accordance with the problems that affect ecosystem stability identified are the natural origin (herbivory, infestation by parasites natural origin, coastal erosion, storms, strong winds, a shortage of fresh water sources and water deficit), removal (selective logging and intensive), change the hidroperiodo (variation in the hydric dynamics), pollution (solid waste, dumping of sewage, agricultural and livestock products, land-use changes (expansion border unplanned urban and tourism, social conflict: social conflicts and land tenure, deforestation (watersheds, fragmentation and destruction of forests and salinization (increase of the sub-saline and hipersalinizacion) [3][4][5][6] .

Materials and Methods
Initially undertook a review of the literature on the subject and defined the working groups, which took into account the characteristics of the study area and sampling sites. Subsequently, describes the two areas of study and set the coordinates of the sampling sites with a GPS (Garmin H72), as described in Table 1.
The identification of the stressors, Limiting, goods and services, secondary information is collected concerning the area of study; the information is entered in Excel arrays 5 . With the diagnoses are identified and prioritized the issues that affect the estuarine ecosystem of the river Rancheria. The tool used for the analysis of causality was the array of Vester. With this identified the critical issues: Feature a lot of causality, which, in turn, are caused by the majority of other problems. Passive problems: They represent the causes of the problems. Problems indifferent: stand out because the total assets and total liabilities are low; have a low priority within the system of problems analyzed and the active issues: are the primary cause of the central issue, will be the main problems to be addressed.

Results and Discussion
With the literature review, described goods and services provided by the study area, as well as the stressors and These problems as identified make the possibilities of development and evolution of the estuarine ecosystem of the river Rancheria are low due to the limitations of natural character, anthropogenic as that in the study area live 2500 people of low economic resources and live in precarious conditions and possibly increase the pollution due to the lack of an efficient system of basic sanitation 7 . Of this, it has been found that the main threat potential of this environment is the proximity of the city of Riohacha, whose growth could be envisaged in this area changes in land use and increased pollution processes 7,8 . On the other hand, some research in the area of study support the increased uncertainty in the environmental stability and vulnerability caused by climate change, make the estuary of the river Rancheria is not the exception to risks such as environmental variability that affects economic, social and ecological problems 9 . In addition, mangrove forests as functional structure of the coastal areas give answers of accommodation to the variability, due to the fact that they develop a key role in the stability of the coast line, persistence of habitats, biodiversity, ecosystem metabolism, reduction of risk and uncertainty for the sustainable development of resources 1 .
The existence of environmental policies that ensure the protection and conservation of coastal areas, contribute to the reduction of the deterioration and destruction of mangroves; which have been accelerated due to the actions of anthropogenic and natural in these. It is necessary to provide general guidelines for the ecological restoration of this estuary zone of the river Rancheria in the Colombian Caribbean, on the basis of the information generated in technical reports, theses and scientific articles and whose emphasis are the ecological research, restoration, conservation and sustainable management of resources 6 . With the array of Vester can know the causes, effects and relationships of a tangible problem and contrast it with the rest of identified problems (one at a time) by assigning a score. These numbers are entered in the matrix and subsequently is the sum of each of the rows (Σ) and columns (Σ Liabilities); the result is plotted on a Cartesian plane, grouping and cataloguing the results according to the causes and consequences of each problem in the quadrant 5 . The Environmental Action Plan (PAA) for ecological restoration of the area of study, proposed was developed from information obtained in field and the review of scientific literature. In the PAA, strategies are proposed solutions and methods for mitigating impacts and tensioners that degrade these  Table 2 and the global goods and services from the "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" 14 , Table 3.
In the estuary of the river Rancheria (Arms The Riíto and Calancala) were identified eight stressful and Limiting, which damage the development of the mangrove forests ( Table 4) and six goods and services covered under the categories of the "Millennium Ecosystem Assessment" 14 , as can be seen in Table 5. To carry out the recovery, rehabilitation and/or ecological restoration of the estuarine ecosystem of the river Rancheria is necessary to propose guidelines, which serve as a guide and support in a certain way to investigations to identify the problems and system conditions can be highly variable and contrasting 5 . To begin the process of recovery of the ecosystem it is necessary to be identified stressors and limitations that prevent the secondary succession or natural regeneration and prioritize through an analysis of causality. It is possible that, just working out or removing a tensioner system simultaneously to eliminate or mitigate other; having identified the riots, then remove it from the east before undertaking any active restoration strategy. This type of restore shows successful results, in a span of 10 to 20 years, depending on the types of disturbances, the frequency and recurrence of the same 5,15 . If the system does not reach the desired state of recovery, it is recommended that you will carry out an assessment of both environmental and biological factors that may be hindering the recruitment of propagules and natural regeneration of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the hydrological conditions, physical-chemical gradients in the area and know the ecology and phenology of the species 5 .
With the grant and acceleration of the restoration, it favors the process of natural regeneration through the release of propagules or connection of the affected system with another that is preserved, taking into account aspects such as the hydrology and climate of the east 5,15-18 . In the event that the ecosystem continues to recover, it is necessary to implement strategies of restoration that is characterized by the recovery of goods and services 5,17 .
The Plan is structured on the basis of the information in the document which declares the area as Integrated Management District (DMI), which is a category of Protected Area and of the results obtained in the ecological assessment 10 . Therefore, there are actions aimed at the management and control of pollution of its waters by mineralization and organic matter (management and control of ocean dumping); control and monitoring of physical-chemical variables in the delta; biological monitoring; scientific research, knowledge generation and dissemination; and finally, management and follow-up (Table 6).  Armthe Riíto (ER) X X X X X X X X X Arm Calancala (BC) X X X X X x X X X

Conclusions
At the present time the indices used as indicators of water quality presented as a viable option for the interpretation of the ecological quality based on variables physical, chemical and biological monitoring programs, due to the different variables are combined to generate a value that can be interpreted easily by both experts and the community in general. The impact and frequency of stressors and limitations have degraded a large percentage the estuarine ecosystem, as it relates to the problems associated with land use change, contaminants, extractive and social conflicts encountered and categorized as active for this area of the country. This local reality transcends a negative impact on the supply and delivery of goods and services provided by the estuary of the river Rancheria.
The guidelines of the Environmental Action Plan for the ecological restoration of the estuary of the river Rancheria in area of influence of the indigenous settlements of the Pasito, necessary to recover the ecosystem, is based on the knowledge of the ecology and biology of the system, their goods and services and the identification of the stressors and limitations specific to deteriorate; to engage in spontaneous restoration strategies and promote natural regeneration. But if the system is highly intervened and gradient is recommended to recover it using active restoration actions, which must be clear about their purpose and be participatory in nature, with the community.
Part of the existing information is in the framework of the District of Integrated Management of the delta of the river Rancheria and the results of the ecological assessment of the estuarine system. In the same way, there are actions aimed at the management and control of pollution of its waters by mineralization and organic matter (management and control of ocean dumping); control and monitoring of physical-chemical variables in the delta; biological monitoring; scientific research, knowledge generation and dissemination; and finally, management and follow-up.